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Know-How · Flooring

Buyer’s Guide to Green Flooring Materials

by Willem Maas, 11/08/06

Willem Maas wrote this article, with contributions from consultant Marian Keeler.

No flooring product has zero impact on our planet, but some materials are better than others. This buyer's guide will help you choose the most environmentally sound and healthy floor that meets your needs.

For a list of flooring products approved by our subject editors, see GreenHomeGuide’s Flooring Directory.


Material Selection Tips Pros Cons Cost Recommended Uses
Bamboo

Renewable resource. Fast-growing grass that can be selectively harvested annually.
Look for bamboo products that have no formaldehyde added. * Renewable resource

* Extremely durable

* Harder than red oak or maple
* Overuse of natural bamboo forests may be destroying them

* Asian sources require significant embodied energy for transport
$4 - $8 per square foot * Bedroom
* Living room
* Family room
* Dining room
* Kitchen
* Entryway
Carpet

Green carpets and area rugs are those made from natural fibers or with a high content of recycled synthetic fibers.
Look for The Carpet and Rug Institute's Green Label Plus certification. Area rugs and carpet tiles are preferable to broadloom (wall-to-wall) carpet.

* Carpet industry is actively addressing its environmental issues * Synthetic fibers are made from petroleum, a nonrenewable resource

* Difficult to clean

* Can harbor dirt, dust and mold
$4 and up per square foot * Formal areas
* Bedroom
* Stairs
Cork

Cork is a renewable resource made from the bark of the cork oak.
Look for products that have no formaldehyde added. Avoid cork-vinyl composites. * Renewable resource

* Sometimes has recycled content

* Easy to clean if properly sealed

* Good foot support
* Indoor air quality impacts from sealers used to create a durable surface

* European sources result in higher embodied energy for transport

$3 - $6 per square foot * Kitchen
* Family room
Linoleum

Same ingredients today as when it was invented in 1863 -- linseed oil, cork dust, wood flour, tree resins, ground limestone and pigments, all pressed onto a jute backing.

Look for "natural linoleum." Vinyl flooring is sometimes generically called "linoleum." * Renewable ingredients

* Often has recycled content

* 30- to 40-year lifespan

* Easy to clean

* Good foot support
* Made in Europe, resulting in significant embodied energy for transport

* Odor from linseed oil may irritate some people

$4 per square foot * Kitchen
* Bathroom
* Family room
Rubber

Virgin rubber is derived from rubber trees, a renewable resource; recycled rubber reduces the environmental burden of discarded tires.
Almost all rubber, except virgin rubber, has a significant odor. Use indoors only in well-ventilated areas. * Often has recycled content

* Easy to clean

* Good foot support

* Can be installed without adhesives

* Durable (20-year lifespan)
* Continual off-gassing has indoor air quality impact $5 - $7 per square foot * Outdoors
* Well-ventilated indoor space
Stone

Natural resource; durable material.
Look for locally mined and fabricated stone. Look for stone that does not have to be sealed. * Easy to clean

* Durable
* Stone is a finite resource

* High embodied energy if stone is mined or fabricated overseas

* Sealers produce potentially harmful VOC emissions
$3 - $10 per square foot * Kitchen
* Bathroom
* Entryway
* Fireplace
Tile

Durable material, often with recycled content.
Look for locally manufactured tiles with high recycled content. * Easy to clean

* Durable

* Often has recycled content
* High embodied energy (to fire tiles and produce cementitious materials)

* Seek local sources because of heaviness
$1 - $6 per square foot * Kitchen
* Bathroom
* Entryway
* Fireplace
Wood

Natural material; durable.
Look for Forest Stewardship Council-certified, salvaged or reclaimed wood. Ask for a chain-of-custody certification. Avoid laminated products with added formaldehyde. Look for sealers and cleaners that are environmentally benign and low-VOC emitting.

* Renewable resource if from a sustainably managed forest

* Low embodied energy, particularly if harvested and produced locally
* Conventional forestry causes overharvesting and destruction of habitat

* Naturally occurring formaldehyde
$3 - $6 per square foot * Bedroom
* Living room
* Family room
* Dining room
* Stairs


For a list of flooring products approved by our subject editors, see GreenHomeGuide’s Flooring Directory.


Comments

On September 10, 2007, Suzanne Webber wrote:

As a member of the Massachusets Woodlands Coop, I was disappointed to see your wood listing does not say “renewable resource” as does the one for bamboo.  FSC certified wood is renewable and when locally grown, sustains the forest landscape of our local regions.

Please look at our website.  http://www.masswoodlands.coop

HomeGrown Wood™ introduces FSC certified hardwood flooring eligible for two LEED credits.  Seven native hardwood species are quality tongue-and-groove milled with character effects to reveal the beauty of the native forest.  All the wood is grown and milled within a 50 mile radius for exceptionally low embodied energy.  Mixed-width boards encourage fast regeneration; character grade allows the best use of the harvest to sustain family-owned forests.  Beautiful hardwoods, locally grown, milled to last. 

In the US, bamboo is not the best option.  Support local products first to have the deepest green.

On January 8, 2008, James R. Remuzzi wrote:

"Conventional forestry causes overharvesting and destruction of habitat” This is a severely limited view of forestry.  While there are instances of commercial forestry having a net negative impact, the reality is that the majority of forestry happening in the world helps to provide critical wildlife habitat along with the goods we all use everyday.  (toilet paper, asprin, cardboard, toothpaste, to name but a few).  In addtion these managed forests help to filter our drinking water and sequester carbon from the atmosphere.  Forestry has come a long way in the 200 years it has been practiced in the U.S.  To date, there is no other resource that can be managed sustainably to deliver the triple bottom line of economic, ecologic, and social benefits.  Without these managed forests, our rural areas will continue to be converted into strip malls and bedroom communities.  Use certified wood products in your home and support the original renewable resource.

On January 30, 2008, Dana Jones wrote:

I was also disappointed to see that under your carpet category you do not mention the one LEED approved soft floor covering.  Wool Carpet.  It’s renewable, biodegradeable, extremely easy to clean and lasts for years.  Wool carpet is actually used in hospitals and in some EPA facilities because of the inherent characterisitcs it has to clean and purify the air we breathe in a home or commercial environment.  It also does not emit off gasses and does not burn which is why it is also used in hotels, casinos, cruise ships, and the United States Navy and Coast Guard.

Area rugs and carpet tiles, especially those made from synthetic products, are not great choices.  Carpet tiles generally are made out of 100% synthetic petroleum based goods.  Synthetic carpets and rugs and carpet tiles not only add to the landfill, but use an incredible amount of energy to make.  Wool carpets and rugs help control indoor air humidity also cutting down on energy costs.  Anyone looking for a renewable flooring product that will last for years and provide comfort and safety underfoot should consider a wool product

On March 31, 2008, Heather wrote:

I would love to see further information regarding the green considerations for these products in terms of installation.  For example, what impact does the glue used to afix linoleum have?

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